2022高考日益临近,物理考生们要关注江苏新高考的实验考查,多看看08方案之前的物理考题,对你有一定帮助的!
高考题型1 半偏法测电表内阻
1.电压表半偏法(如图所示)
(1)实验步骤
①将R2的阻值调为零,闭合S,调节R1的滑动触头,使电压表读数等于其量程Um;
②保持R1的滑动触头不动,调节R2,当电压表读数等于2Um时记录下R2的值,则RV=R2.
(2)误差分析
①测量值偏大:RV测=R2>RV真.
②原因分析:当R2的阻值由零逐渐增大时,R2与电压表两端的总电压也将逐渐增大,因此电压表读数等于2Um时,R2两端的电压将大于2Um,使R2>RV,从而造成RV的测量值偏大.显然电压表半偏法适用于测量内阻较大的电压表的电阻.
③减小误差的方法:选电动势较大的电源E,选阻值较小的滑动变阻器R1,满足R1≪RV.
2.电流表半偏法(电路图如图所示)
(1)实验步骤
①先断开S2,再闭合S1,将R1最大阻值逐渐调小,使电流表读数等于其量程Im;
②保持R1不变,闭合S2,将电阻箱R2由最大阻值逐渐调小,当电流表读数等于2Im时记录下R2的值,则RA=R2.
(2)误差分析
①测量值偏小:RA测=R2<RA真.
②原因分析:当闭合S2时,总电阻减小,总电流增大,大于原电流表的满偏电流,而此时电流表半偏,所以流经R2的电流比电流表所在支路的电流大,R2的电阻比电流表的电阻小,而我们把R2的读数当成电流表的内阻,故测得的电流表的内阻偏小.
③减小误差的方法:选电动势较大的电源E,选阻值非常大的滑动变阻器R1,满足R1≫RA.
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